Service Residence , #MenaraU Seksyen 13 Shah Alam . Selangor . Malaysia

Menara U, Seksyen 13 . Shah Alam . Selangor . Malaysia.

Situated in a prime location in Shah Alam and developed by Kenari Sukma which was completed end of 2013. This leasehold 27-storey mixed development, has a total of 531units of residence together with 38 units of retail outlets was launched in the year of 2010.

The built-up are for service apartment in Menara U are 527 sq ft and 622 sq ft, meanwhile the retails outlets has a built-up ranging between 1,700 sq ft to 2,500 sq ft. Both layouts are studio units which comes with 2 bedroom and 1 bathroom.. 

Also included in the development are facilities such as barbecue area, business centre, cafeteria, clubhouse, covered parking, gymnasium, mini market, nursery, playground, salon, surau, sauna, squash court, swimming pool, wading pool, 24-hour security and jogging track to make the tenant’s stay more comfy. The key feature facility is the multi-purpose hall which is equipped with badminton court facility. 

Menara U is strategically located in a place where it is easily linked to other major places via Federal Highway, NKVE and ELITE. Besides, its close proximity to Management and Science University (MSU), PTPL College, Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Idris Shah and UITM. 
It is easy accessible to other major cities such as Klang, Puchong, Petaling Jaya and Kuala Lumpur, as Menara U is located next to Federal Highway.

Layouts
Type A (252 units)
2 bedroom + 1 bath (622 sq ft)

Type B (279 units)
2 bedroom + 1 bath (527 sq ft)

Overall finishing for this development was very satisfied and only a small fraction of defects was detected  during hand over which is nothing major. All unit are furnished with : 

• Homogeneous floor tiles for the whole unit , full height wall tiles in bathroom.
• Aluminium casement windows with clear glass.
• Plaster ceiling complete with PLC down light fittings.
• 1 unit of air-conditioner in each bedroom.
• 1 unit of ceiling fan in living area and a door chime.
• 1 unit of water heater in bathroom complete with standard bathroom fittings , tempered glass shower screen and a under counter wall hung cabinet.
• 1 unit of pantry cabinet.

The return of rental could fetch between RM 1,200 to RM 1,800 depending on unit furnishings and floor level, whereas resale value would probably be between RM 330,000 to RM 380,000 as this depends on demand and supply.

>>myimpiangallery@gmail.com
>>mudah.my/myimpiangallery

2014 Malaysia Property Gain Tax

Real Property Gains Tax (RPGT) In Malaysia

Real Property Gains Tax (RPGT) is a form of Capital Gains Tax that is imposed on the disposal of property in Malaysia. It was suspended temporarily in 2008-2009, and reintroduced in 2010. In 2014, RPGT was increased for the 5th straight year since 2009.

Based on the Real Property Gain Tax Act 1976, RPGT is a tax on chargeable gains derived from disposal of property.

A chargeable gain is the profit when the disposal price is more than purchase price of the property. What most people don’t know is that RPGT is also applicable in the procurement and disposal of shares in companies where 75% of their tangible assets are in properties, a.k.a. Real Property Companies (RPC). RPGT applies to both residents and non-residents.

You will be only be taxed on the positive net capital gains which is disposal price less the purchased price less the miscellaneous charges such as;( stamp duty, legal fees, advertisement charges ,etc).

The holding period is from the date on the S&P agreement till to the disposal date.

Net Chargeable Gain = Chargeable gain - Exemption Waiver 

Additionally, a waiver on the taxable amount is granted to individuals (but not companies).

Tax payable = RPGT rate (based on holding period)* Net Chargeable Gain

RPGT Exemptions

There are exemptions allowed for RPGT. Among the exemptions are:

1) Exemption on gains from the disposal of one residential property once in a lifetime to individual (Please utilize this once in lifetime opportunity wisely!)

2) Exemption on gains arising from the disposal of real property between family members (e.g. husband and wife, parents and children and grandparents and grandchildren)

3) 10% of profits OR RM10,000 per transaction (whichever is higher) is not taxable.

Budget 2014

Accordance with the Budget 2014 announcement, the rates for RPGT has been increased. Government’s reason for the hike is mainly to reduce speculative activities on housing prices and real estates. 

The following is the RPGT rates effective from 1st January 2014 for Individual Citizen

1st  Year 30%

2nd Year 30%

3rd  Year 30%

4th   Year 20%

5th   Year 15%

6th   Year & Above 0%

The following is the RPGT rates effective from 1st January 2014 for Non-citizen

1st  Year 30%

2nd Year 30%

3rd  Year 30%

4th   Year 30%

5th   Year 30%

6th   Year & Above 0%

The following is the RPGT rates effective from 1st January 2014 for Companies

1st  Year 30%

2nd Year 30%

3rd  Year 30%

4th   Year 20%

5th   Year 15%

6th   Year & Above 5%

Malaysia Gasoline Prices 2008-2013

Countries with subsidised gasoline

A number of countries subsidize the cost of petrol/gasoline and other petroleum products. Subsidies make transport of people and goods cheaper, but discourage fuel efficiency. 

In some countries, the soaring cost of crude oil since 2003 has led to these subsidies being cut, moving inflation from the government debt to the general populace, sometimes resulting in political unrest.

Fuel subsidies are common in oil-rich countries. Venezuela, which has vast oil reserves, maintains a fixed price of Bs.F 0.097 per litre (around US$0.08 per gallon), and has done so since 1998, thus making it the nation with the lowest gasoline and diesel prices in the world. Other countries with subsidized fuel include United States of America, Saudi Arabia,Iran, Egypt, Burma, Malaysia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Trinidad and Tobago, Brunei and Bolivia.

In February 2010, the Iranian government implemented an energy price reform by which the energy subsidies were to be removed in five years; the most important price hike was in gasoline, as the price went up from 100 rials ($0.10 US) to 400 rials ($0.40 US) per litre, with a ration of 100 litres per month for private passenger cars (later reduced to 60 litres per month).

On 26 December 2010, the Bolivian government issued a decree removing subsidies which had fixed petrol/gasoline and diesel prices for the past seven years. Arguing that illegal export (contraband) to neighboring countries was harming the economy, Bolivia eliminated the subsidies and raised gas prices as much as 83%. After widespread labor strikes, the Bolivian government canceled all planned price hikes.

Malaysia

 Malaysia spends US$14 billion subsidising gasoline, diesel and gas each year. Effective 5 June 2008 gasoline prices increased by 40% to RM2.70/litre (US$3.30 a gallon), from RM1.92/litre (US$2.32 a gallon). Diesel prices rose by RM1.00/litre to RM2.58 (US$3.04 per gallon), a 63% increase. It was announced that price increases were planned to bring fuel prices in line with global market cost, suggesting that it may hit US$3.80 per gallon by August. The Malaysian government has also announced a one-off cash rebate of RM625 per year to Malaysian citizens who own cars with an engine capacity of 3,000 cc or less and RM200 tax rebate to cars with an engine capacity of 3,000 cc and above to offset the increased costs. The government introduced a temporary ban on buying fuel within 50 km of the country border, but the ban was suspended following a price increase on 7 June 2008 for petrol of 41% (to MYR2.70 a litre) and for diesel of 63% (to MYR2.58).

On 22 June 2008, the Malaysian government announced plans to set up separate pumps at its border petrol stations to sell fuel to foreigners at market rates so that only locals can benefit from subsidised petrol. The new pumps will target Singaporeans and Thais who make day trips across the border to fill their tanks with cheaper fuel there, although Singapore-registered cars must have their tanks at least ¾ full before they will be permitted to leave Singapore in any case. Petrol stations within 50 km (31 mi) of the country's northern border with Thailand and southern border with Singapore would be affected. Recently, the fuel price has dropped until MYR 2.45 and it has dropped for the second time. A further reduction was made on 1 November 2008. RON97 petrol was reduced from RM2.30 a litre to RM2.15 a litre, RON92 petrol from RM2.20 a litre to RM2.05 a litre and diesel from RM2.20 a litre to RM2.05 a litre. The Government revealed that it had ceased subsidizing petrol as of 1 November 2008 when the price of oil dipped below US$65 per barrel. However subsidies were still being paid for diesel and natural gas.

On 18 November 2008, the Malaysian government made further reductions in the price of gasoline cut pump prices by seven per cent to RM2.00 ringgit per litre and diesel by 15 sen to RM1.90 per litre. The government said that at current prices they were making about 30 sen per litre in sales. Then again on December 3, petrol prices were reduce further. Gasoline prices were reduced 10 sen to RM 1.90 per litre and as for diesel, they were reduced 10 sen to RM 1.80 per litre. On 16 December 2008 the price of RON97 petrol is was reduced further to RM1.80, while RON92 is selling at RM1.70 a litre. The pump price of diesel was reduced to RM1.70 a litre.

From 1 September 2009 however, the price for RON97 increased to RM2.05, while RON92 has been discontinued and replaced with RON95, at a price of RM1.80. On 16 July 2010, petrol prices across the board was raised by 5 sen, which brought the prices of RON95, RON97 and diesel to RM1.85, RM2.10 and RM1.75 per litre respectively. Since then, RON97 floats with government controlled revision reflecting the global crude oil prices. As of 1 August 2010 only Malaysian-registered petrol vehicles may purchase RON95 fuel; foreign-registered vehicles (mainly from Singapore and Thailand) by law can only purchase RON97 (or diesel) at Malaysian service stations.

On 1 April 2011, RON97 increased from RM2.50 to RM2.70. In May 2011, RON97 further increased to RM2.90, another record high for RON97 in Malaysia. A drop of RM0.10 in June 2011 brings it to RM2.80 per litre, the first price reduction since RON97 was floated at market rates.

On 3 September 2013, due to Malaysian economy feels economic downturn, PM Najib decided to increase the price for RON97 from RM2.70 to RM2.85, RON 95 from RM1.90 to RM2.10 and diesel from RM1.80 to RM2.00. 

source: wikipedia

Fuel Prices In United States

Fuel Prices In United States

US petroleum consumption reached an estimated 18.87 million barrels per day (3,000,000 m³/d) in 2011, and is expected to increase to 18.96 million barrels per day (3,014,000 m³/d) per day in 2012. 

Drivers in the United States travelled 500,000 miles (800,000 km) per day in 2011 and were expected to travel 8.158 billion miles 

(1.3129×10¹⁰ km) in 2012. This equates to an average of 33 miles (53 km) per vehicle per day. 

On average, US drivers consume 1.49 US gallons (5.6 L) of gasoline per day, or about 10.44 US gallons (39.5 L) per week. As of March 2013, the average price for 87 octane gasoline was $3.22 a US gallon (85¢/L).

"One cited spending $47,000 in 2005 on gas and oil for a fleet of 16 trucks. In 2006, that number was up to $62,000 and then again up to $70,000 in 2007. This year they are on track to spend $88,000 after budgeting only $66,000. Rising gas prices will siphon $22,000 off their bottom line unless they can find a way to pass that increase along." 

 In 2008 a report by Cambridge Energy Research Associates stated that 2007 had been the year of peak gasoline usage in the United States, and that record energy prices would cause an "enduring shift" in energy consumption practices. According to the report, in April fuel consumption had been lower than a year before for the sixth straight month, suggesting 2008 would be the first year US usage declined in 17 years. The total annual distance driven in the US began declining in 2006.

The average price per US gallon in 2012 (as of 31 December 2012) was $3.618 (96¢/L), the highest ever for a year. As of 31 December 2012, the average price of gasoline was $3.298/gal (87¢/L), with New York at $3.70/gal (98¢/L) for the highest in the US, and Colorado at $2.987/gal (79¢/L) for the lowest.

Finished motor gasoline amounts to 44% of the total US consumption of petroleum products. This corresponds to 18.5 exajoules per year. As of 2012 the cost of crude oil accounted for 62% of the cost of a gallon of gasoline in the United State while refining accounted for just 12%. Taxes and distribution/marketing accounted for 12% and 14% respectively.

After Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita, gas prices started rising. They became record high levels. In terms of the aggregate economy, increases in crude oil prices significantly predict the growth of real gross domestic product (GDP), but increases in natural gas prices do not.

All the damages from the hurricanes ran up gas prices. By 30 August, a day after Katrina’s landfall, prices in the spot market, which typically include a premium above the wellhead price, had surged pass $11 per gigajoule ($12 per million British thermal units), and by 22 September 2005, the day before Rita’s landfall, the spot price had risen to $14/GJ ($15 per million BTU). 

Crude oil

Crude oil is the greatest contributing factor when it comes to the price of gasoline. This includes the resources it takes for exploration, to remove it from the ground, and transport it. Between 2004 and 2008, there was an increase in fuel costs due in large part to a worldwide increase in demand for crude oil. Prices leapt from 35 to $140 per barrel ($220 to $880/m³), causing a corresponding increase in gas prices. On the supply side, OPEC (or the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) has a great deal to do with the price of gasoline, both in the United States and around the world. The speculation of oil commodities can also affect the gasoline market.

Taxes

Taxes are the next biggest contributor to gasoline prices at around 12%. In the United States, both state and federal taxes apply to gasoline. In addition other taxes may be placed on gas including applicable state sales taxes, gross receipts taxes, oil inspection fees, underground storage tank fees and other miscellaneous environmental fees.

Marketing and distribution

Distribution and marketing makes up the remaining 5%. The price of transporting crude oil to a refinery then gasoline to a point of distribution is passed on to the consumer. In addition the price to market the fuel brand is passed on.

Other factors

Aside from this breakdown, many other factors affect gasoline prices. Extreme weather, war or natural disaster in areas where oil is produced can also in turn raise the price of a gallon of gasoline. Legislation by several states for cleaner burning fuel also affects certain areas' prices of gasoline. Furthermore, demand directly affects the price of gasoline. For example, when more people are on the road, typically in the summer months or during holidays, the price will increase.

Up to date prices for gasoline (unleaded) are available at http://www.mytravelcost.com/petrol-prices/

source from wikipedia

Petrol Prices In Malaysia updated 9th January 2014

Budget 2014: More petrol price adjustments seen next year Updated:October 26, 2013

ECONOMISTS and analysts expect more adjustments in petrol prices next year, in line with the Government’s subsidy rationalisation plan, which aims to lighten the burden on the country’s fiscal deficit.
“The hint in that the petrol subsidy is going to be the focus in terms of subsidy rationalisation. I expect more frequent price adjustments in the future,” said Malaysian Rating Corp Bhd chief economist Nor Zahidi Alias.

He believes that adjustments will be made after the first quarter of 2014, when concerns over the budget battle in the US economy and the lower targeted gross domestic product growth of below 8% in China are more settled.

It is anticipated that a new subsidy reduction will generate at least RM3.3bil in savings. “At current global oil prices, assuming a revision of fuel subsidies at 20 sen, it will generate an additional RM3.3bil in savings,” said Alliance Research economist Manokaran Mottain.

The recent hike in RON95 and diesel by 20 sen to RM2.10 and RM2 per litre respectively is expected to bring savings of RM1.1bil from September to December, and RM3.3bil per year.

For 2014, the Government will reduce subsidies to RM39.4bil, primarily from lower provision of fuel subsidies. This year, almost RM47bil was allocated for various subsidies, incentives and assistance, including subsidies for petroleum products, food, health, agriculture and fisheries, utilities, toll as well as welfare and education.

In his speech, Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak said some RM24.8bil or 53% of the total subsidies was used to subsidise petroleum products.

“A portion of the savings from the restructuring of the subsidy system will be distributed in the form of direct cash assistance, while the other half will be used to finance development projects,” he said.

Besides subsidy rationalisation for petrol, the Government also proposed to abolish the sugar subsidy of 34 sen, effective today. The abolishment of the sugar subsidy is expected to bring RM1.1bil in savings.

The Government will also allocate RM2.4bil for subsidies and incentives, including those for fertilisers, seeds, price of paddy and rice as well as incentives for higher production of paddy and fish landing.

Due to the implementation of the goods and services tax, as well as subsidy reductions, he expects inflation to come in at around 2.8% in 2014. He added that inflation could rise to between 3% and 4% in 2015.

“However, the Government has taken steps to ensure that the needy will be somewhat compensated. In the long-term, the subsidy rationalisation programme makes sense, as it reduces the burden on the Government’s coffers,” he said.

Ahmad Maslan: No increase in RON 95 petrol prices Updated: January 9, 2014 

KUALA LUMPUR: There will not be an increase in RON 95 petrol prices Thursday night, and rumours of a supposed hike are untrue.

"There will not be a 20 sen reduction in RON 95 subsidies tonight (Thursday), contrary to rumours," Deputy Finance Minister Datuk Ahmad Maslan tweeted.

The subsidised price of RON95 petrol is currently RM2.10 per litre.

For other updates >> http://paultan.org/2013/09/02/ron-95-diesel-go-rm2-10/

Up to date prices for gasoline (unleaded) are available at>> http://www.mytravelcost.com/petrol-prices/

Our Global Consumption On Petrol

Motor Gasoline Definition: 

A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of additives, blended to form a fuel suitable for use in spark-ignition engines. Motor gasoline, as defined in ASTM Specification D 4814 or Federal Specification VV-G-1690C, is characterized as having a boiling range of 122 to 158 degrees Fahrenheit at the 10 percent recovery point to 365 to 374 degrees Fahrenheit at the 90 percent recovery point. 

Motor Gasoline includes conventional gasoline; all types of oxygenated gasoline, including gasohol; and reformulated gasoline, but excludes aviation gasoline. 

Note: Volumetric data on blending components, such as oxygenates, are not counted in data on finished motor gasoline until the blending components are blended into the gasoline.

What is Petroleum?

Petroleum (L. petroleum, from Greek: πέτρα (rock) + Latin: oleum (oil) is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface, which is commonly refined into various types of fuels. It consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds.The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to intense heat and pressure.

Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. This comes after the studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization (mainly in terms of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures). It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from gasoline (petrol) and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials, and it is estimated that the world consumes about 90 million barrels each day.

The use of fossil fuels such as petroleum has a negative impact on Earth's biosphere, releasing pollutants and greenhouse gases into the air and damaging ecosystems through events such as oil spills. Concern over the depletion of the earth's finite reserves of oil, and the effect this would have on a society dependent on it, is a concept known as peak oil.

Composition

In its strictest sense, petroleum includes only crude oil, but in common usage it includes all liquid, gaseous, and solid hydrocarbons. Under surface pressure and temperature conditions, lighter hydrocarbons methane, ethane, propane and butane occur as gases, while pentane and heavier ones are in the form of liquids or solids. However, in an underground oil reservoir the proportions of gas, liquid, and solid depend on subsurface conditions and on the phase diagram of the petroleum mixture.

An oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural gas dissolved in it. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered (or burned) as associated gas or solution gas. A gas well produces predominantly natural gas. However, because the underground temperature and pressure are higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the gaseous state. At surface conditions these will condense out of the gas to form natural gas condensate, often shortened to condensate. Condensate resembles petrol in appearance and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oils.

The proportion of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture varies greatly among different oil fields, ranging from as much as 97 percent by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50 percent in the heavier oils and bitumens.

The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes, cycloalkanes and various aromatic hydrocarbons while the other organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium. The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of chemical elements vary over fairly narrow limits as follows.

Composition by weight

Element	Percent range
Carbon	83 to 85%
Hydrogen	10 to 14%
Nitrogen	0.1 to 2%
Oxygen	0.05 to 1.5%
Sulfur	0.05 to 6.0%
Metals	< 0.1%

Four different types of hydrocarbon molecules appear in crude oil. The relative percentage of each varies from oil to oil, determining the properties of each oil.

Composition by weight

Hydrocarbon	Average	Range
Alkanes (paraffins)	30%	15 to 60%
Naphthenes	49%	30 to 60%
Aromatics	15%	3 to 30%
Asphaltics	6%	remainder

Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition. It is usually black or dark brown (although it may be yellowish, reddish, or even greenish). In the reservoir it is usually found in association with natural gas, which being lighter forms a gas cap over the petroleum, and saline water which, being heavier than most forms of crude oil, generally sinks beneath it. Crude oil may also be found in semi-solid form mixed with sand and water, as in the Athabasca oil sands in Canada, where it is usually referred to as crude bitumen. In Canada, bitumen is considered a sticky, black, tar-like form of crude oil which is so thick and heavy that it must be heated or diluted before it will flow. Venezuela also has large amounts of oil in the Orinoco oil sands, although the hydrocarbons trapped in them are more fluid than in Canada and are usually called extra heavy oil. These oil sands resources are called unconventional oil to distinguish them from oil which can be extracted using traditional oil well methods. Between them, Canada and Venezuela contain an estimated 3.6 trillion barrels (570×10⁹ m³) of bitumen and extra-heavy oil, about twice the volume of the world's reserves of conventional oil.

Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for producing fuel oil and petrol, both important "primary energy" sources. 84 percent by volume of the hydrocarbons present in petroleum is converted into energy-rich fuels (petroleum-based fuels), including petrol, diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel oils, and liquefied petroleum gas.The lighter grades of crude oil produce the best yields of these products, but as the world's reserves of light and medium oil are depleted, oil refineries are increasingly having to process heavy oil and bitumen, and use more complex and expensive methods to produce the products required. Because heavier crude oils have too much carbon and not enough hydrogen, these processes generally involve removing carbon from or adding hydrogen to the molecules, and using fluid catalytic cracking to convert the longer, more complex molecules in the oil to the shorter, simpler ones in the fuels.

Due to its high energy density, easy transportability and relative abundance, oil has become the world's most important source of energy since the mid-1950s. Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics; the 16 percent not used for energy production is converted into these other materials. Petroleum is found in porous rock formations in the upper strata of some areas of the Earth's crust. There is also petroleum in oil sands (tar sands). Known oil reserves are typically estimated at around 190 km³ (1.2 trillion (short scale) barrels) without oil sands, or 595 km³ (3.74 trillion barrels) with oil sands. Consumption is currently around 84 million barrels (13.4×10⁶ m³) per day, or 4.9 km³ per year. Which in turn yields a remaining oil supply of only about 120 years , if current demand remain static.

Chemistry

Petroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons; the most commonly found molecules are alkanes (paraffins),cycloalkanes (naphthenes), aromatic hydrocarbons, or more complicated chemicals like asphaltenes. Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules, which define its physical and chemical properties, like color and viscosity.

The alkanes, also known as paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chains which contain only carbon andhydrogen and have the general formula C_nH_2n+2. They generally have from 5 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule, although trace amounts of shorter or longer molecules may be present in the mixture.

The alkanes, also known as paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chains which contain only carbon andhydrogen and have the general formula C_nH_2n+2. They generally have from 5 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule, although trace amounts of shorter or longer molecules may be present in the mixture.

The alkanes from pentane (C₅H₁₂) to octane (C₈H₁₈) are refined into petrol, the ones from nonane (C₉H₂₀) to hexadecane (C₁₆H₃₄) intodiesel fuel, kerosene and jet fuel. Alkanes with more than 16 carbon atoms can be refined into fuel oil and lubricating oil. At the heavier end of the range, paraffin wax is an alkane with approximately 25 carbon atoms, while asphalt has 35 and up, although these are usually cracked by modern refineries into more valuable products. The shortest molecules, those with four or fewer carbon atoms, are in a gaseous state at room temperature. They are the petroleum gases. Depending on demand and the cost of recovery, these gases are either flared off, sold as liquified petroleum gas under pressure, or used to power the refinery's own burners. During the winter, butane (C₄H₁₀), is blended into the petrol pool at high rates, because its high vapor pressure assists with cold starts. Liquified under pressure slightly above atmospheric, it is best known for powering cigarette lighters, but it is also a main fuel source for many developing countries. Propane can be liquified under modest pressure, and is consumed for just about every application relying on petroleum for energy, from cooking to heating to transportation.

The cycloalkanes, also known as naphthenes, are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more carbon rings to which hydrogen atoms are attached according to the formula C_nH_2n. Cycloalkanes have similar properties to alkanes but have higher boiling points.

The aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated hydrocarbons which have one or more planar six-carbon rings called benzene rings, to which hydrogen atoms are attached with the formula C_nH_n. They tend to burn with a sooty flame, and many have a sweet aroma. Some are carcinogenic.

These different molecules are separated by fractional distillation at an oil refinery to produce petrol, jet fuel, kerosene, and other hydrocarbons. For example, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane(isooctane), widely used in petrol, has a chemical formula of C₈H₁₈ and it reacts with oxygen exothermically:

2 C
8H
18_(l) + 25 O
2_(g) → 16 CO
2_(g) + 18 H
2O_(g) (ΔH = −5.51 MJ/mol of octane)

The number of various molecules in an oil sample can be determined in laboratory. The molecules are typically extracted in a solvent, then separated in a gas chromatograph, and finally determined with a suitable detector, such as a flame ionization detector or a mass spectrometer. Due to the large number of co-eluted hydrocarbons within oil, many cannot be resolved by traditional gas chromatography and typically appear as a hump in the chromatogram. This unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of hydrocarbons is particularly apparent when analysing weathered oils and extracts from tissues of organisms exposed to oil.

Incomplete combustion of petroleum or petrol results in production of toxic byproducts. Too little oxygen results in carbon monoxide. Due to the high temperatures and high pressures involved, exhaust gases from petrol combustion in car engines usually include nitrogen oxides which are responsible for creation of photochemical smog.

Rate of world energy usage per day, from 1970 to 2010. 1000TWh=1PWh

Global fossil carbon emissions, an indicator of consumption, for 1800–2007. Total is black, Oil is in blue.

Daily oil consumption from 1980 to 2006

Oil consumption per day by region

Oil consumption by percentage of total per region from 1980 to 2006: red=USA, blue=Europe, yellow=Asia+Oceania

Source provided by >> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum